Analysis of Cousin Kate by Christina Rossetti Essay -- English Literat

Analysis of Cousin Kate by Christina Rossetti 'Cousin Kate' by Christina Rossetti describes a cottage maiden who was seduced and used by the lord of the estate for which she worked. She was surprised and taken a back by the fact that someone so great and powerful could be slightly interested in her, and so she automatically fell in love with him. It wasn't until after he had slept with her that he left her for her cousin, Kate. The cottage maiden was devastated that he had done that to her. She felt unclean and unwanted. The lord asked for Kate's hand in marriage and she accepted. The cottage maid thought that he married Kate because she was innocent and pure, 'Because you were so good and pure/He bound you with his ring' - the cottage maiden is in complete contrast to her cousin. The only good thing that came out of this was the cottage maiden had a child, 'Yet I've a gift you have not got...' and 'my fair-haired son'. The lord had seduced the cottage maiden and used her like a 'silken knot'. This basically means that the lord used the cottage maiden as a trophy and used her when he wanted to. This is a poem based and written in the 19th century. There are three main characters in the story. Cousin Kate, the cottage maiden and the Lord. The title of this poem is self-explanatory. The poem is based on a character called Cousin Kate. As she is the main character in the poem, the whole poem revolves around her. The poem basically tells us about 19th century life and people's attitudes towards unlawful relationships. The poem tells us about a cottage maiden who had an affair with a Lord. She loses her virginity to him, and then regrets the whole ordeal. In the 19th century, if you were not known as pure ... ... but further on she's not able to contain this calmness anymore and has an outburst of hatred towards the Lord - something that she's been trying to cover. The last stanza of the poem becomes more of revenge than hatred. She feels she's had revenge over the Lord and Kate by having a child - something that they're not likely to get. She sounds very self-satisfied. Christina Rossetti has written a very good portrayal of life in early times. It shows how society rejected woman who had unlawful sex in earlier times; women were judges and disowned by all people who knew them. Society has now changed. Women are no longer judged or even looked down on by anyone. It has become a way of life that in earlier times may have been considered as dirty and unlawful, people's attitudes have changes and it is no longer as big a deal as it was in the early 19th century.

PP0126 Learning Arena As A Learning E Essay

Medical Assistant profession is only known in Malaysia. It is part of the medical profession creates by the Ministry of Health, Malaysia in the sixties to overcome the shortage of medical officer in the country. We need to go through three years training program conducted by our Ministry of Health in order to be a qualified as a Medical Assistant. My speciality is in Emergency and Trauma care management, with sixteen years working experiences in the Emergency Department (ETD) and currently attached to the ETD in one of the hospital located in central region. In this assignment I will discuss and explore how practice arena can assist in learning as well to identify the learning opportunity available for learners and how I integrate my professional role to develop health care profession competency. My focus will be on the factors of physical and social climate and how does it affect learning in my practice arena. Based on the theories of humanism and Androgogy compare with the concept suggested in the literature, I will come with my recommendation on how I am going to promote my practice arena into a more conducive learning environment. There are few factors or element that can affect or influence learning environment. The most important elements are physical environment, social climate and learning opportunities (Ministry of Health Malaysia, 2006) that I am focusing now. Discussing about the physical element, resources are among thing that we should considered within the placement. Ileris (2011) claimed the variety of opportunity and situation offer to learners is the most significant factors influencing the quality of practice arena as 1 learning environment. He further quotes that difference type of workplace offer different  learning environment with different learning opportunity. The emergency and trauma department or my practice arena cover one whole block and the facilities and services available encompassing a wide range of emergent trauma and non trauma condition, from the critically ill or severely injured to those with minor ailment. The scope include pre hospital care services, resuscitation and stabilisation, diagnosis and definitive care management, one stop crisis centre and medical coverage. The facilities available are dividing into zone ranging from a critical to  a non critical zone where patient management are triage according to the severity of illness. There are three main zones, one observation bay equipped with 5 beds, a procedure room for minor surgical procedures and a sterilisation unit for collecting and receiving sterile item from the central sterilisation department. Each zone or treatment areas are equipped with standard equipment for it functionalities inclusive of an emergency trolley, cardiac monitor and defibrillators, portable ventilators and airway management, radiography machine, ultra sound machine, electrocardiogram,  refrigerator and blood analyser machine. It provide a wide range of learning opportunity to learners and students to develops their skills ,knowledge and understanding of the role and function with the organisation( Evan et. al, 2006). However all these equipment needs speciality and skills to be operates and 2 learners need period of time to get familiar with the equipment. The department need to send learners for user training and courses before they can handle the machine. My practice arena is amongst the busiest place in the hospital compound. Even worse  when facing the incidence of mass casualties where every staffs busy with their own task. However it doesn’t mean that they have no time with the learner. They are actually a good role model for learner where they can work and learn at the same time. They are willing to shares their working experience, skills, knowledge and ideas with student or learners even though they are very with their tasks. In fact chaotic working environment is rich for learning because of large volume of patient of varying acuity and learner will take responsibility of their own learning, identifying gap in knowledge, seeing feedback  and working toward closing these gap. (Goldman et. al, 2009) Every zone is fully air conditioning and furnished with patient’s beds, trolleys and wheelchairs. We also have an access to internet and intranet where Learners will have the opportunity to access the heath information system, interaction between the instructors and as well among learners as it is the key point for good practice and learning expectation for each area (Severs and Pearson, 1999), (Ileris, 2011). But there are limitations as some of the equipment and facilities only can be use by professional  and expert and the use of internet has been block by the management from being access in an improper way and only involved with certain website, this may lead to frustration and conflict to extensive use in workplace learning (Ileris, 2011). We also 3 have teaching room or a seminar room with selection of books, journal and handout available which is accessible to learners. Apart from the facilities above my placement arena also have 2 unit of type A, 3 unit of type B and 5 unit of type C ambulances. They are all equipped with standard equipment and also link by the radio communication services. In order to be part of the ambulance services team, learner need to undergo basic training on the basic equipment available inside the ambulance and how to use radio communication system. They are attached with qualified personnel as a mentor who is in charge of the ambulance services. For the convenience of every staffs, student and even public, my placement arena offer excellent facilities such as rest room with television set, tea room and pantry, accessible wash room and toilet, emergency fire exit with fire extinguisher and waiting area provided with chairs and queue number system. Quinn (2007) states that this basic needs make learner feel secure and comfortable and enable them to concentrate in their learning. Nevertheless my placement area doesn’t have any skill laboratory where student can practice their skills and knowledge. However the higher management has planned to set it up in few years time for the benefit of all parties. 4 My practice arena offer a placement for student nurses, newly graduates medical assistant and medical students doing their internships and housemanship program from the nearby colleges and higher institution. In fact the facilities has been gazetted as one  of the teaching hospital by the government and the Ministry of Health Malaysia as a whole. Learners and student will need to be introduced to the new environment to get them off to a good start by establishing a sense of belonging, creating a welcoming learning environment, supplying information that will answer their question and removing any uncertainties once they reporting themselves for the placement. Gopee (2008) stated this as an essential and effective when new experience are linked to prior knowledge where it begin with familiarisation with the clinical setting, clinical specialism,  get to know with mentor and staffs and feeling that they are part of the team inorder to meet the learning needs and achievement of their practice objective. The availability of the multidisciplinary staffs ranging from the higher level management and clinician to a well trained paramedics (Goppe, 2008) form the basis of inter- professional learning and will be an advantage for the student to learned and adopted as their role model and mentors. West et. al (2007) highlight that the practice is not only the environment where services is delivered to client but also a learning area where  future and qualified practioner continually utilise the opportunity provide to them as an experience to facilitate their professional development. 5 It is an effort of every personnel to create the practice arena into an interesting and conducive place to learn. Fox (2009) describe learning environment as a place or setting where learning occur. This include physical setting, interpersonal and instructional characteristic that influence learner’s performance. The nature of learning environment is important in establishing an expansive learning area (Evan et. al, 2006)  but sometime it is difficult to achieve as to some leader it is not a priority and therefore there must be a balance against priority in order to improve learning. Hand(2006) suggest that placement should be of higher quality accompanied by improved teaching support to help student gain better practical skills. But a high standard ward with rigid task allocation, with hierarchical system exist are unlikely to meet student learning needs (Fretwell, 1980) Relationship between manager and subordinates and vice versa is another important aspect of social climate in learning environment. Hand (2006) stated that mutual respect, integrated and valued student, manager’s commitment, interactive communication, motivated employers, supportiveness and openness are among the element that contributing to a conducive learning environment. Chan (2001) highlight that inter personnel relationship between staffs are crucial in order to develop a positive learning environment. Hand (2006) described the relationship between teacher and learner must be genuine, non- threatening, lasting relationship and encourage learner to give feedback in order to promote learning and Nolan (1998) found out that learning  desire will reduce without supportive from learning arena. 6 My unit manager is very supportive and committed person, caring attitude and openness especially toward professional development, friendly, approachable and knowledgeable. He motivates the staffs by sending them for courses, workshops and seminar to upgrade their skills and knowledge, counselling and indirectly benefit student placement in the areas. I believe he is a role model in my placement areas. The success and fall of the placement as a conducive learning arena depend on the management, leadership style and the relationship which exist between the people, the  manager and the goals in the organisation (Weir et. al, 2010). Inorder to develop a positive learning environment, there must be a positive management style and interpersonal relationship among manager, staffs and learner. Fretwell (1988), Pembrey (1988) described ward manager as a key figure in the organisation in establishing and maintaining a ward atmosphere conducive learning environment and patient care environment as well. Practice area learning are mostly student centred learning where learner and student needs to participates and involve themselves in the activities design in the practice  area. Self awareness is therefore very important and Cook (1999), mention that many nurses educationist are focused on self awareness to get the learning opportunity in the practice area. In this way student are able to make judgement of their own and identify their strength and weakness in consistent to andragogy approach as self assessment which help them to develop awareness of their own standard of practice (Chambers, 1998). This can be in the form of formal and informal learning activities. In my placement area, student or learners will have the opportunity to involve themselves in  7 discussion, case presentation, in house courses and continuous medical education which is plan weekly for every qualified personnel. For pre registration student this is a good chance to get new ideas, knowledge and skills and for post registration it is professional refreshment. Spouse (2001) clarified that knowledge quickly become outdated as rapid pace of technology and to be more effective this continuous professional development should be carried out under the guidance of experience and knowledgeable colleagues with the evidence of attendances. The collaboration of one  department with other organisation and between unit and section in the department should be considered as one of the factors that influencing the provision of good experience within the placement. This is because exchange and sharing of ideas between these two different organisations happened to achieve the same goal. We have been discussed many factors influencing learning in my practice setting such as physical environment, social climate and learning opportunities available in my practice setting and this will definitely give a better output toward learning environment  in the placement arena. Although I have identified many of the learning opportunities but there are some limitation on the implementation especially on the resources. I have made some recommendation to be bringing forward to improve the placement arena in future. I believe that this can be fulfils if the higher level management, training institution, mentors as well learners themselves is really committed to make changes toward the excellence learning environment. To make the process going smoothly everybody should take parts and plays their role accordingly.

Hector v.s Paris Rivalry in The Liad - 1124 Words

Throughout time, sibling have had to deal with sibling rivalry. It is been seen even as far back as the 7th or 8th century b.c.e when homer wrote the epic poem, The Iliad. In the Iliad, Homer showed us a huge sibling rivalry between the two brother Hector and Paris. He focus on these two men that both want to become a great legacy and hero. Homer’s comparison of these to characters shows there drive to become the better man. Through all of there rivalries, which include but are not limited to family, behaviour in battle, and how they relate to the gods, Hector shows that he is the more honourable man. Hector has a family and the way that he shows his compassionate relationship with his family is more honourable then the way that Paris†¦show more content†¦Now, mother, go to the queen of plunders shrine and Ill go hunt for Paris, summon him to fight if the man will hear what I have to say . . .† (lines 312-32) The fact that he is so dedicated to the good of the people to not concern himself with his health, while may be ill-advised it shows that he is devoted to his job. On the other hand Paris is portrayed as more of a lover since book three when he was not only whisked away from the fight with Menelaus but also a favourite of Aphrodite While love is important, if you do not have a good balance of love and ability to fight you will not be able to become an honourable man. Hector find the proper balance but Paris still thinks that he can succeed with only love. The god have had a huge impact on the way that Paris and Hector interact with the world around them. For example the affection that Aphrodite has towards Paris gave him an advantage when in the fight with Menelaus. â€Å" but Aphrodite, Zeus’s daughter quick to the mark snapped the rawhide strap. cut from a bludgeoned ox, and the helmet came off empty in Menelaus’ fist. Whirling it round the higher sent it flyi ng into his argives scrambling fast to retrieve it- back at his man he sprang, enraged with brazen spear, mad for the kill but Aphrodite snatched Paris away.† (lines 433-9). When Aphrodite spirited him away before he could fight Menelaus and loose it gave him an

Essay about A Diagnosis of Cancer is Life Changing Experience

A diagnosis of cancer is life changing and affects the whole family. It has been documented in some studies that family members experience equal if not higher levels of anxiety or depression than the cancer patient themselves (Hacialioglu et al, 2010). Hasson et al (2010) found that spouses of patients who had been diagnosed with advanced breast cancer reported more psychological distress than patients and were above the clinical cutoff. These results are comparable with a study carried out by Hodges and Humphris (2009) in which caregivers’ of patients who had been diagnosed with cancer had higher psychological distress and fear of recurrence than the patient. These results could potentially be associated with caregivers’ emotional strain†¦show more content†¦Longer-term survivors and caregivers were found to be more distress and anxious (3 years). Other studies confirmed this findings and reported partners had significantly higher levels of burden one year af ter treatment. This could be associated with caregivers’ expectation that the patient would quickly revert back to the role of partner (Schmid-Buchi et al, 2011; Moreira et al, 2013). Providing care for more than twenty hours a week was significantly associated with depression among caregivers. Greater impact on caregivers schedule also predicted to increase guilt (Jaafar et al, 2014; Spillers et al, 2008). However, Tang et al (2013) found providing end of life care for a relative, guilt was derived from lacking time to provide care. Therefore caregivers who spent 17-24 hours a day may have felt less deprived than those who provided 8 hours as the patient death approached. Carers’ distress increases as patients’ cancer progresses to more advanced and terminal stages, where the patient experiences more physical symptoms like pain. Given et al (2004) found a linear relationship existed between higher numbers of patients’ symptoms (pain, nausea, distress, de terioration) and caregivers’ level of depressive symptoms. Caregivers of patients receiving palliative care have high prevalence of psychological distress during bereavement. SixShow MoreRelatedCancer Is The Common Feeling Of Fear And Anxiety Of Life And Death Situation1417 Words   |  6 PagesCancer is the term which bring the common feeling of fear and anxiety of life and death situation. Each calendar period, more than a million individuals will be pronounced with tumor growth called cancer per annum conforming by the American Cancer Association. When learning about cancer was diagnosed at the first time, it is hard for client and loved ones to accept the reality of tumor or growth and hand out any kind of information has to be provided immediately after the diagnosis. All kind ofRead MoreApplying Standardized Terminologies : Caring For The Breast Cancer Patient1552 Words   |  7 Pagesfor the Breast Cancer Patient Throughout this paper the identification and application of standardized terminologies such as: The North American Nursing Diagnosis Association (NANDA) to identify the applicable diagnosis; Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC) to construct a care-plan with diagnosis specific interventions; and the Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) to evaluate the outcomes. This will be applied to a clinical patient scenario of newly diagnosed breast cancer; and present theRead MorePatho1203 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ PATHO DQ 2 The American Cancer Society (ACS) is a nationwide, community-based, voluntary health organization dedicated to eliminating cancer as a major health problem. Together with its supporters, ACS is committed to helping people stay well and get well by finding cures and by fighting back. 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Taking a Look at Earthquake Safety - 1293 Words

Since day one when I found that there is either 10 pages paper or a paper and a newsletter, I decided to go with the newsletter. At first I didn’t give it much thought, I was taking five classes and each class had a paper and presentation. I thought I had more time to think about it. As time was passing by I started to think about the topic for my newsletter and honestly I had no clue what I was going to talk about. I wanted it to interesting, something different than sexual harassment, which is talked about a lot and of course for a good reason, but still I wanted something else. Then one day I heard about the earthquake in California and it hit me. I said to myself this is something that we don’t talk about much in our classes and it does relate to Employee Health and Safety chapter. These days we don’t have to live in California to experience an earthquake and we don’t have to live in Florida to see a hurricane. With a global warming on the rise things change on a daily basis and a natural disaster may strike just about anywhere. So even though I decided to go with Earthquake Safety as my topic it doesn’t have to relate to things happening in California. Today’s economy I would think requires flexibility and more and more people are required to relocate for their job. Some people have just no idea about living in another state so for them it’s almost like living abroad, therefore, they need to be educated and trained in topics such natural disaster and how to prepareShow MoreRelatedStructural Systems And Earthquakes Disasters1160 Words   |  5 PagesStructural Systems and Earthquakes Catastrophes have been feared since the beginning of time. They occur in all shapes and sizes, and they have a variety of effects. One of the most shocking, as well as most devastating of these occurrences, is earthquakes. 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Some people think that we should stop using hydraulic fracturing because it affects the safety and health of residents that are living near the drilling sites, it also affects the livestock, kill fish es etc†¦ and they believe that fracking causes a lot of environmental problems such as contamination of the air and groundwater that will keep

Abstract for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease- myassignmenthelp

Question: Write about theAbstract for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Answer: Emphysema can be defined as a chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder that results in the destruction of the elasticity of the lungs resulting in permanent air spaces enlargement and affecting the alveolar walls largely. When the alveoli gets damaged, the old air in the alveoli get no space for new fresh oxygen. Usually irritants from cigarette smoke, marijuana smoke or pollutants may result in occurrence of the symptoms of the disorder (Steiger et al. 2017). This causes shortness of breath. The anti protease enzyme protects the lungs from the action of protease in normal condition. The irritant causes inflammation of the polymorphonuclear leukocytes and alveolar macrophages resulting in secretion of proteases. The irritants reduce the activity of the anti protease enzyme and therefore the protease gets the chance to affect the lungs causing emphysema. Different types of medications can be used like the short acting bronchodialators, long acting bronchodialators, long acting beta agon ists, long-acting muscarinic agonist, Phosphodiesterase inhibitors, Anti-inflammatory therapy, antibiotics, mucolytic agents, Proton pump inhibitors and many others. One of the most important class of drug is the beta 2 agonist which mainly helps in dilation of the lungs by increasing of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate pathway (Wysham et al. 2017). The patient can administer them by inhalation mode. They can work within a short time of 15 minutes, and the effects will remain three to four hours. Different types of side effects may include tremors, tachycardia, hypo- or hypertension as well as hypokalemia. The nurses can develop a detailed knowledge about the pathophysiology of the disorder so that they can understand the ways by which the irritants are affecting their patients. In order to help the patients live better quality lives, the nurses can also develop good knowledge about the pharmacology of the disorder and thus provide effective medication to them. References: Steiger, D., Filopei, J., Siddiqi, M., Yip, R., Yankelevitz, D. and Henschke, C., 2017. Evidence Of Emphysema In A Cohort Of Participants Without Symptoms Undergoing Low Dose Chest CT Screening For Lung Cancer. InC30. Lung Cancer Screening: Who, Why, Where, And How Much(Pp. A5177-A5177). American Thoracic Society. Wysham, N., Ekstrom, M., Mathews, A., Xie, J., Qin, X. and MacIntyre, N., 2017. Mechanisms Of Hypercapnea In Advanced Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Secondary Analysis Of The National Emphysema Treatment Trial. InC80-B. Multi-Modality Assessment Of Copd, Asthma, And Asthma-Copd Overlap SYNDROME(pp. A6485-A6485). American Thoracic Society.

Islam, Modernity, and Justice for Women

Table of Contents Introduction Islam and modernity Muslim Modernists’ views on modernity Fundamentalists’ views on modernity Islam and Justice for Women Conclusion References Introduction Islam is a monotheistic religion, which was introduced by Prophet Mohammed. Muslims consider Mohammed as the last prophet of God (Allah). â€Å"Islam is a noun derived from the trilateral root s-l-m which forms a large class of words mostly relating to concepts of wholeness, safeness, and peace. In religious context, Islam means voluntary submission to God or Allah (Kamrava, 2006, pp. 15-17).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Islam, Modernity, and Justice for Women specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Islamic religion is based on five pillars, which are the major concepts and mandatory acts of worship. The Islamic religion highly regards every aspect of humanity. It seeks to instill moral values such as peace, well being, and justice to its followers. Every Muslim should uphold these values. According to the Islamic religion, all human beings are equal before God or Allah. The Islamic religion also aims at producing whole-rounded Muslims with balanced personalities. This research paper examines the relationship between Islam, modernity, and justice for women. Islam and modernity Modernity refers â€Å"to a set of very large and important structural and material changes affecting people throughout the world† (Hunter, 2008, pp. 89-90). Therefore, modernity is a way of life in the contemporary world. It involves embracing change and new ideas. The modern mindset encourages individuals to make choices and queries, as well as, to engage in discussions (Cooper, 2000, p. 33). Various Muslim groups have reacted differently to the question of modernity. For instance, the Muslim modernists and fundamentalists differ in their views about modernity. Muslim Modernists’ views on m odernity The Muslim modernists are a group of devout and knowledgeable Muslims whose mission is threefold. The modernists seek to â€Å"define Islam by bringing out fundamentals in a rational and liberal manner; to emphasize the basic ideals of Islam; and to interpret the Islamic teachings in order to bring out its dynamism† (Cooper, 2000, pp. 77-78). The major aim of the Muslim modernists is to settle the differences that exist between secular rationalism and traditional beliefs, as well as, modernity and Islamic religion. Jamal al-Din al-Afghani has been credited to be the founder of Islamic modernism. According to al-Afghani, Muslims have a duty to apply the teachings found in the Quran to solve daily problems. Jamal al-Din al-Afghani strongly opposed the views of other Muslim scholars who were against the emergence of new ideas, which they considered a threat to the Islamic religion. Al-Afghani proposed that the Islamic religion should be vibrant and dynamic as stipulated in the Quran.Advertising Looking for research paper on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, one of the verses in the Quran states, â€Å"God can only change what is in a people until they change what is in themselves† (Keddie, 2000, pp. 100-101). Al-Afghani urged his followers to integrate change with religion in order to become better Muslims and to strengthen the Islamic faith. However, al-Afghani further states that Muslims should find their own way of integrating the modern changes into the Islamic faith. Jamal al-Afghani strongly believed that Muslims should embrace western knowledge, technology, as well as, western goods and services. However, al-Afghani cautioned Muslims to be selective in the process of embracing change from the west. He urged Muslims to acquire only what is beneficial and will enable them to have better living standards. Al-Afghani also introduced Islamic reformati on. This was a religious movement, which was comparable to the Christian reformation initiated by Martin Luther. Muhammad Abduh further spread Al-Afghani’s teachings. Muhammad Abduh was Al-Afghani’s student and a fervent follower of Al-Afghani. Muhammad Abduh stressed the importance of studying the Quran and applying logic and rationality. According to Muhammad Abduh, Muslims have the right to differ with the Ulama (Muslim religious scholars) incase the Ulama was irrational. Abduh encouraged his fellow Muslims to make use of reason, logic, and analysis in solving problems. Most Muslim modernists like Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, Muhammad Abdul, and Mahmud Muhammad Taha among others embraced modern western ideas and knowledge. Therefore, the Muslim modernists are not skeptical of western ideas. The Muslim modernists have embraced western ideas, which they consider beneficial to the Islamic religion and Muslim societies. They imaginatively synthesize â€Å"Islamic and weste rn ideas to produce a reasonable and relevant re-interpretation of Islamic thought with enlightened cosmopolitan, liberal, and realistic perspectives† (Keddie, 2000, pp. 137-138). According to the modernists, embracing modern changes not only makes individual Muslims to live better lives, but also leads to the advancement of Muslim societies. The modernists’ views have led to the integration of modern ideas into various aspects of Muslims’ lifestyles. For instance, a number of cultural, technological, and scientific changes have been witnessed in several Muslim societies. This flexibility to modern ideas is part and parcel of Islamic legal traditions.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Islam, Modernity, and Justice for Women specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Islamic law also has room for new ideas and changes. For example, in the nineteenth century there was an attempt to build a mod ern state in Egypt. This move eventually led to the reformulation of the Islamic law. However, the reformulation of the Islamic law did not lead to the rewriting or abandonment of the elements of the Islamic laws. Fundamentalists’ views on modernity Fundamentalism dates back to the early years of 1920’s. â€Å"It was first used in the United States of America following the battles of leading evangelical Protestants against liberal and progressive spirits of the age† (Husain, 2009, pp. 10-11). Fundamentalism currently exists in all religions. Fundamentalism can hinder one from having a full understanding of a given religion because fundamentalists are rigid in the interpretation of religious texts. As a result, people may not get the deeper spiritual aspect of a religion. Therefore, due to the rapid change in the modern world, fundamentalist thinking may be rendered irrelevant. â€Å"The diverse nature and complexity of human problems require that religious text s to be interpreted by putting at the forefront the goal of the religion† (Hunter, 2008, pp. 65-66). Fundamentalism has a number of characteristics. First, fundamentalists are opposed to marginalization of the Islamic religion. Second, the fundamentalists believe that the world is characterized by two aspects namely, the light and the darkness. Third, the fundamentalists are selective and absolutist. Fundamentalists are also opposed to modernity since they consider it a threat to religion. However, failure to embrace modernity is likely to result into political crumble of any modern state. Fundamentalist thinking also tend to foster dictatorship and corruption in any given modern state. In most Muslim countries, there have been unbalanced rate of modernization, which has hampered the process of development. Despite the rapid changes that have been experienced technologically, politically, socially and economically, many Muslim countries have not embraced the changes. Modernity has more often been linked to westernization and secularization, which makes it unhealthy. â€Å"The unhappy predicament of nation building, modernizing and secularizing the Muslim world has given rise to a number of crises, afflicting the fragile nation states of developing world† (Cooper, 2000, p. 58). Therefore, the fundamentalist thinking to some extent have hindered the integration of change and new ideas into the Muslim societies.Advertising Looking for research paper on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Islam and Justice for Women Over the past three decades, a rapid growth in the Islamic faith has been witnessed. For example, a number of Islamic institutions such as Islamic banking, Islamic schools, and insurance companies have been established. Therefore, the Islamic religion is becoming more vibrant and active in Muslim societies and communities. This progress in the Islamic religion has had great impact on women. Despite the several changes that have been experienced in Islam, the Islamic legal system that handles issues affecting Muslim women have remained unchanged over the years (Hunter, 2008, p. 77). The legal system that has remained static since its formulation centuries ago continues to be used in matters pertaining to divorce, inheritance, and leadership roles. To a large extent, the Islamic legal system tends to favor men over women. Islamic fundamentalism has further led to subjugation and control of Muslim women. According to the fundamentalists, women are supposed t o perform primary roles such as housekeeping. They also prohibit social mixing of the different genders. In countries such as Saudi Arabia, Iran and other Middle East countries, a lot of restrictions are put on women. For instance, it is a requirement for every woman to put on veils. Women are also not allowed to leave their houses without a guard or to occupy public offices (Hunter, 2008, p. 81). The challenges facing Muslim women have led to the emergence of Islamic feminism. However, scholars have differing opinions concerning the term Islamic feminism because of the nature of Muslim societies that emphasize patriarchy. The Muslim feminists continue to practice Islamic teaching while promoting democratic moral values of Islam. Muslim feminists use verses from the Quran to fight for their rights. In Indonesia, the Muslim feminist movement is based on values and tradition. They aim at promoting justice for women as advocated by the Islamic faith. Conclusion From the above discussio n, the Islamic religion continues to progress and to spread in different parts of the world. The Islamic religion also continues to influence almost every aspect of Muslims’ lifestyles. However, some of its adherents have not adopted the new ideas and tremendous social changes that have been witnessed globally. Most Muslims, especially, in Islamic states are still holding on to traditional religious beliefs that deny women of their rights. For instance, in countries like Afghanistan a woman is still treated as a weaker and an inferior being. As a result, most women in these countries have remained under the dominance of their husbands. Such practices in the Islamic faith violate women’s rights and deny them justice. However, there are Muslims who appreciate the new developments that have been witnessed globally. These groups of Muslims, who are also known as the modernists, have integrated the new ideas of the west into their societies by interpreting the Muslim law in accordance to societal needs and aspirations. Therefore, it is through this kind of flexibility that solutions to the problems that affect humanity today can be dealt with effectively. References Cooper, J. (2000). Islam and Modernity: Muslim Intellectuals Resond. New York: I.B. Tauris. Hunter, S. (2008). Reformist Voices of Islam: Mediating Islam and Modernity. New York: M.E. Sharpe. Husain, E. (2009). The Islamist: Why I Became an Islamic Fundamentalist. Chicago: Penguin Group. Kamrava, M. (2006). The New Voices of Islam: Reforming Politics and Modernity. New York: I.B.Tauris. Keddie, N. (2000). A Political Biography. Carlifornia: Univrsity of Carlifornia Press. 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